Past
Perfect

Geçmişte iki şey oldu. Hangisi daha önce? Daha önce olanı had + V3 ile göster, sonra olanı Past Simple ile anlat.

B18 tuzak46 soru5 seviye

Konu Anlatımıhad + V3: iki geçmiş olaydan hangisi önce oldu?Tuzaklar8 tuzak: sınıfta gerçekten duyulanlar Alıştırmalar46 soru, 5 seviye

Öğretmenler için

İki olayı sınıfta oynat. Bir öğrenci sınıftan çıksın, ikincisi sonra girsin. Sınıfa sor: When Ayşe came in, Ali had already left. Önce kim çıktı? Önce olanın cümlesine had + V3 verdir. Hareket, tabloya bakmaktan daha kalıcı.
Zaman çizgisi bu konuda en iyi araç. Tahtaya yatay bir çizgi çiz, sağ ucuna “geçmişteki an” yaz. Soldaki ikinci bir noktaya “daha önce” yaz. Öğrenciler olayları iki noktaya dağıtsın. Soldaki nokta had + V3, sağdaki Past Simple.
“Hangisi önce?” sorusunu alışkanlık yap. Her cümlede önce bu soruyu sor, sonra zamanı seç. Öğrencinin “iki olay var, ikisine de had koyayım” hatasını bu soru çözer.
before / after ile ikisi de doğru olabilir. Öğrenci After I finished, I left yazdığında yanlış demek yerine, ikisinin de doğru olduğunu göster ve by the time / already sınıfına geç: orada Past Perfect fark yaratıyor.
Kısa bir hikâye yazdır. “Dün sabah evden çıktım ama… (neden geç kalındı?)” Geri dönüş (I had forgotten my keys) Past Perfect, akış Past Simple. Üç beş cümleyle öğrenci iki zamanı doğru yerde kullanmayı dener.
“Yazarak” seviyesini kitaplar kapalıyken yaptır. Burada iki zamandan birini kendileri seçiyorlar, çoktan seçmeli seviyelerde şıklar bu kararı veriyordu.

Konu sırası

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Bu konu ne işe yarar

Kalıp: had + V3. Bütün öznelerde aynı had kullanılır: I had finished. She had left. They had gone. Olumsuz hadn't, soru Had ile başlar: I hadn't finished. Had she left? Kısa cevap: Yes, she had. No, she hadn't.

Ana kullanım: iki geçmiş olay, biri daha önce. When I arrived, the film had already started. Önce film başladı, sonra ben geldim. Önce olan olay Past Perfect (had started), sonra olan olay Past Simple (arrived). Zaman çizgisinde iki nokta düşün: soldaki daha eski olay had + V3 alır.

Tek olay varsa Past Perfect gerekmez. I went to the market yesterday. Burada karşılaştıracak ikinci bir geçmiş olay ya da an yok. Olaylar sırayla anlatılıyorsa da (I woke up, had a shower and went to work) hepsi Past Simple. Past Perfect “iki olayın sırası önemli” dediğin yerde devreye girer.

Sebep göstermek için de kullanılır. Geçmişteki bir durumun nedeni, ondan daha önce olmuş bir şeydir: He was tired because he hadn't slept. She was sad because she had lost her phone. Sebep her zaman sonuçtan öncedir, o yüzden had + V3.

before ve after ile dikkat: bu kelimeler sırayı zaten söylediği için ikisi de çoğu zaman doğrudur: After she left, I called him ve After she had left, I called him aynı anlama gelir. by the time ve already ise Past Perfect'e yönlendirir: By the time I arrived, she had already left.

Türkçede bunun karşılığı -mıştı. “Ben geldiğimde film başlamıştı”, “Kapıyı açtığımda o çoktan gitmişti.” Cümlede -mıştı hissi varsa İngilizcede had + V3 aramak iyi bir başlangıç. Dikkat: Türkçede sırayı çoğu zaman bağlaç ve bağlam söylediği için -dı ile de anlatabiliyoruz. İngilizce ise sıra önemliyse Past Perfect'i seçtirir.

Kalıplar yan yana

Olumlu	had + V3	I had finished. She had gone.
Olumsuz	hadn't + V3	I hadn't finished. She hadn't gone.
Soru	Had + özne + V3?	Had you finished? Had she gone?
Kısa cevap	Yes, I had. · No, I hadn't.	Had she left? Yes, she had.
Past Simple (sonra olan)	V2 · did + V1	When I arrived, the film had started.
Hatırlatma	Düzensiz fiillerde V3 kullan, V2 değil	had gone (~~had went~~), had eaten (~~had ate~~)

İşaretler: hangi zaman?

when + Past SimplePast Perfect — ana cümlede daha önce olanWhen I arrived, the film had started.

by the timePast Perfect — o ana kadar bitmişBy the time we got there, the shop had closed.

already, justPast Perfect — o andan önce bitmişWhen I called, she had already left.

never … beforePast Perfect — o ana kadar hiçI had never seen snow before that day.

because, so (geçmişte sebep)Past Perfect — sebep sonuçtan önceHe was tired because he hadn't slept.

how long … beforePast Perfect — o ana kadar süreShe had lived there for ten years when she moved.

before, afterİkisi de olabilir — sıra zaten belliAfter she left / had left, I called him.

yesterday, last week, in 2019Past Simple — tek olay, bitmiş zamanI went to the market yesterday.

Son iki satırı unutma: before / after ile iki biçim de doğru olabilir, bu yüzden bu kelimeler karar verdirmez. Tek başına yesterday gibi bitmiş bir zaman varsa Past Perfect gerekmez.

Türk öğrencinin tuzakları

sınıfta gerçekten duyulanlar

Aşağıdaki sekiz hata iki yerden çıkıyor: sırayı karıştırmak (hangisi önce, hangisi sonra?) ve Past Perfect'i “daha geçmiş, o zaman daha doğru” sanıp her yere koymak. Her birinin altında neden yanlış olduğunu göreceksin.

En sıkWhen I had arrived, the film had started.When I arrived, the film had started.

Neden: İki olay var diye ikisine de had koymak çok sık görülüyor. Past Perfect yalnızca önce olan olaya gider. Sonra olan olay (arrived) Past Simple kalır.

Gereksiz kullanımI had gone to the market yesterday.I went to the market yesterday.

Neden: Tek bir olay var ve karşılaştıracak ikinci bir geçmiş olay yok. yesterday gibi bitmiş bir zaman tek başına yeterli: Past Simple. Past Perfect “daha eski” demek değil, “başka bir geçmiş olaydan önce” demek.

Anlam değişirWhen I got to the station, the train left.When I got to the station, the train had left.

Neden: İlk cümle “ben vardım, sonra tren kalktı” anlamına gelir (iki olay art arda). İkincisi “ben vardığımda tren çoktan gitmişti” der. Anlamı sıra belirler: önce olan olay had + V3.

Düzensiz fiilShe had went home before I arrived.She had gone home before I arrived.

Neden: had yanında 2. hâl değil 3. hâl gelir. Düzensiz fiillerde go – went – gone, eat – ate – eaten, see – saw – seen. Present Perfect'te öğrendiğin üçüncü hâller burada da aynen geçerli.

When I called, she has already left.When I called, she had already left.

Neden: When I called geçmişte bir an. O ana kadar bitmiş olan işi göstermek için had gerekir. has / have bugüne bakan Present Perfect'in yardımcı fiili, geçmiş bir anlatıda kullanılmaz.

I didn't have eaten anything all day.I hadn't eaten anything all day.

Neden: Olumsuzu didn't ile kurmaya çalışıyorlar. Past Perfect'in olumsuzu hadn't + V3. did kullanılmaz, çünkü had zaten yardımcı fiil.

Ters kurulumBy the time we had arrived, the shop closed.By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Neden: Zamanları ters koymuşlar. By the time + Past Simple (sonra olan: vardık), ana cümle Past Perfect (önce olan: dükkân kapanmıştı). Hangisi önce oldu diye sor, önce olana had ver.

Kimse söylemiyorI had woken up, had had a shower and had gone to work.I woke up, had a shower and went to work.

Neden: Olaylar art arda anlatılıyorsa her fiil bir adım ve hepsi Past Simple. Past Perfect, anlatının akışından bir adım geriye gitmek istediğinde kullanılır. Öğrenciler “Past Perfect daha doğru” sanıp her fiile had ekliyor.

Alıştırmalar

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When we arrived, the film ___ already started. (had / has / was)

She ___ never seen snow before that trip. (had / has / have)

By the time I got home, my brother ___ eaten all the pizza. (had / has / was)

I missed the train because it ___ already left. (had / has / did)

They ___ finished dinner when I called. (had / have / has)

___ she left when you arrived? (Had / Did / Has)

The street was wet because it ___ rained. (had / has / was)

I ___ not eaten all day, so I was very hungry. (had / did / have)

When I arrived, everyone had already ___ . (left / leave / leaving)

She ___ the report before the meeting started. (had finished / has finished / finishing)

When I got to the party, Tom ___ home. (had already gone / has already gone / have already gone)

I realised I ___ my wallet at home. (had left / have left / leave)

Before she moved to Paris, she ___ never lived abroad. (had / has / did)

We ___ the house by the time the guests arrived. (had cleaned / have cleaned / has cleaned)

He didn't know the answer because he ___ the lesson. (hadn't studied / hasn't studied / didn't studied)

The teacher asked if we ___ our homework. (had done / have done / do)

I ___ to the dentist yesterday. (went / had gone / have gone)

By the time the ambulance ___ , the man had recovered. (arrived / had arrived / has arrived)

By the time we got there, the shop ___ . (had closed / has closed / will close)

She ___ the news when I told her, so she wasn't surprised. (had already heard / has already heard / was hearing)

Our flight was cancelled because a storm ___ the airport. (had closed / has closed / will close)

I ___ Italy before, so I was very excited on the trip. (had never visited / have never visited / didn't never visit)

I woke up, ___ a shower and went to work. (had / had had / have had)

How long ___ they been married when they moved to Spain? (had / have / did)

He was angry because someone ___ his car. (had damaged / damages / has damaged)

She told me she ___ my message. (hadn't received / hasn't received / doesn't receive)

I arrived at the station at 8:05. The train left at 8:00. When I arrived, the train ___ . (had left / left / has left)

Sam called at 6:00. I got home at 6:30. When Sam called, I ___ home yet. (hadn't arrived / didn't arrive / haven't arrived)

First she packed her bags. Then she called a taxi. When the taxi arrived, she ___ her bags. (had packed / packed / has packed)

We got to the cinema at 7:15. The film began at 7:00. When we got there, the film ___ . (had started / started / has started)

The film began at 7:00. We got to the cinema at 6:45. When we got there, the film ___ yet. (hadn't started / didn't start / hasn't started)

Maria was crying because she ___ her phone. (had lost / has lost / loses)

I ___ the report when the boss asked for it, so I gave it to him immediately. (had already finished / already finishing / have already finished)

Tom ___ dinner before he went out. (had eaten / eats / has eaten)

I didn't recognise him. He ___ a lot since I last saw him. (had changed / has changed / changes)

The meeting ___ by the time I got there, so I missed everything. (had ended / has ended / ends)

When I arrived, the film ___ already. (start)

She ___ snow before that trip. (never / see)

When she called, ___ your homework? (you / finish)

He was late because he ___ his alarm. (not / hear)

By the time I got there, they ___ . (leave)

I ___ to the cinema last night. (go)

She ___ lunch before she went to the meeting. (have)

We were tired because we ___ all day. (not / rest)

When I called her, she ___ the news already. (hear)

___ to London before that trip? (you / ever / be)